Financial Crisis in Iceland Essay Example

Financial Crisis in Iceland Paper This assignment is part of ECM04 Economics of Capital Markets module on phase 2 in MSc. Finance and Investment at University of Brighton 2008-2009. The assignment is to analyze the Icelandic financial crisis which eventually led to the collapse of the Icelandic banking system and the economy as a whole. In order to analyse the Icelandic financial crisis we will begin to look at the background and what we regard as the causes, look at the consequences and future prospects. In the end we compare the Icelandic financial crisis to a model which Kindleberger covers in his book Manias, Panics and Crashes. Kindleberger (1978) describes financial crisis in the following way: What happens, basically, is that some event changes the economic outlook. New opportunities for profits are seized, and overdone, in ways so closely resembling irrationality as to constitute a mania. Once the excessive character of the upswing is realized, the financial system experiences a sort of distress, in the course of which the rush to reverse the expansion process may become so precipitous as to resemble panic. In the manic phase, people of wealth or credit switch out of money or borrow to buy real or illiquid financial assets. In panic, the reverse movement takes place, from real or financial assets to money, or repayment of debt, with a crash in the prices of commodities, houses buildings, land, stocks, and bonds in short, in whatever has been the subject of the mania. Background Causes European Economic Area Icelandic government control over the economy has reduced over time. The most dominant decision was when Iceland entered the European Economic Area (EEA) in 1994. When Iceland joined the EEA it got access to European markets and adopted European regulations. We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Crisis in Iceland specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Crisis in Iceland specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Crisis in Iceland specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Joining the EEA had a positive impact on the economy, however opening an insular economy to the EEA without significant institutional reforms carried with it dangers. Neither the Icelandic authorities nor private firms were prepared to operate in such an environment. This is especially relevant in the case of banking where the aim of Icelandic government was to build up financial centre in Iceland. To be able to build up financial centre it was very important to join EES in order to have access to European markets and adopt European regulations. This was new experience for Iceland to have the access to foreign capital because for most of the 20th century the economy was heavily regulated. (Dani elsson Zoega, 2009) Free Capital Transfer and Privatization of the Banks In continuance of EEA agreement, Icelandic government decided to privatize the three biggest banks which started 1997 and was fully completed in 2003. The new owners of the banks had little or no experience of international banking, the same applied for the Icelandic government. When Iceland accessed EEA, it faced full freedom in export and import of capital transfer among other things and the new owners of the banks began to expand the old commercial banks into investment banking. The new investment banks could get cheap capital which was easy at that time. Figure 1 shows how foreign debts have increased since Iceland got independent and it is interesting to see how the foreign debts increased dramatically when the banks had been fully privatized in 2003. (i lafssson, 2008) Figure 1: Shows foreign debts of the Icelandic economy gross dept, long term debts and net foreign debts, in proportion of GDP. Source: i lafsson, 2008 Figure 1 illustrates how easy it was to get capital at that time and the new owners of the banks forced ahead on the capital markets to finance their investments abroad. Foreign debts of the Icelandic economy were seven times GDP just four years after privatization of the banks. The study of financial economics teach us that when foreign debts increase enormously, real estate and stock price rise, there is obvious signs of increasing risk of financial crisis. (Kindleberger, 1978) Figure 2: Shows net debts of the national economy year 2005, in multi-national comparison foreign and domestic debts in proportion of GDP. Source: i lafsson, 2008 Immediately in 2005, two years after the privatization of the banks, Iceland had become most indebted OECD country in the world, as can be seen from figure 2 (i lafsson, 2008). According to the picture the situation in Iceland was already worth of criticism in 2005, with net foreign debts around 125% of GDP. (Siguri sson Svavarsson, 2007) The banking expansion was the source of the rapid economic growth that took place between 2003 and 2007. It enabled households and firms to take advantage of the abundance of low-interest funds in international capital markets to finance domestic investment and consumption, as well as the acquisition of domestic and foreign firms. Because the banks got fund in the international wholesale market this was an externally financed boom. The inflow of capital had a predictable effect on the exchange rate, the stock market and the current account as can be seen in table 1 in Appendix B. (Dani elsson Zoega, 2009) Speculation Capitalism in Iceland The objects of speculation will differ from boom to boom and crisis to crisis. The alternative explanation of the un-sober upswing goes back to Irving Fisher, which emphasizes that the real rate of interest was too low. Prices rise on the upswing, while interest rates lag. This implies a fall in the real rate of interest. With real interest rates falling, and profit prospects either rising or steady, rational investors expand. Speculation often develops in two stages. In the first, sober stage of investment, households, firms, investors, or other actors respond to a displacement in a limited and rational way. In the second, capital gains play a dominating role. The first taste is for high interest, but that taste soon becomes secondary. There is a second appetite for large gains to make by selling the principal (Kindleberger, 1978). The Icelandic bubble fits well within the framework of Kindleberger regarding the destabilizing effects of speculative finance. The Icelandic bubble started with the excitement generated by the privatization and deregulation of financial institutions, and appear unlimited access to foreign capital markets at low interest rates. The capital inflows stimulated economic growth, the outlook brightened, further increasing the willingness to borrow. Asset prices started to rise. Euphoria developed, increasingly high-risk borrowers found easy access to capital, risk appetites increased, and firms and individuals started to borrow for speculative reasons. Borrowing on the margin to buy equities became a popular activity. Banks competition for market share intensified and they lent to increasingly high-risk borrowers. A real estate bubble ensued, fuelled by seemingly unlimited bank lending. Many of the largest asset shareholders of the Icelandic banks, was highly leveraged, were facing difficulties. Investigations has detected that largest shareholders resorted to borrowing from their own banks to buy bank stock, with a view to prop up the price. The collateral behind the loans was only the bought bank stocks. In the end, of course, the entire structure collapsed. (Dani elsson Zoega, 2007).

How to Manage Freelance Writers A Stress-Free Guide

How to Manage Freelance Writers A Stress-Free Guide The position of â€Å"managing editor†Ã‚  has evolved in a crazy way since the advent of digital publications and blogs. And whether you consider yourself an editor or not, the chances that you do some  managing editor tasks as a content marketer are high. Every marketer is working with content creators. Every marketer is making sure the words and images make sense. You may not consider yourself an editor, but if you manage other content creators, publish content using specific guidelines, or even proofread on a regular basis, you are  an editor †¦ at least in part. But even though many of us are editors in our own ways, we still get questions like, â€Å"What does an editor really do these days?† For me, these kinds of questions bring up irrational feelings of frustration as I think to myself, â€Å"What don’t  I do† But it’s a valid point- we are no longer in the days of traditional print media, where spelling errors are corrected with a big red pen and paragraphs are picked up and put down like weights in the gym. Instead, our jobs are digital and they’re evolving. The myriad tools we have at our fingertips  are at once saviors and curses as we attempt to navigate all the tasks and words competing for our attention. Being an editor comes with a lot of responsibilities, and requires a pretty wide range of skills. Not only do editors need to understand advanced writing techniques, they also need to be a superb manager of people and projects. The writers that create the content for our publications to thrive need leading! Being an editor comes with a lot of responsibilities, and requires a pretty wide range of skills.Now, this can prove to be extremely challenging, especially because most writerly folks tend to be introverted and prefer to work alone. When you’re an editor, and especially when you’re an editor of a digital publication and managing multiple writers, you must learn and master four specific foundational elements to be successful: Business Strategy (notice I didn’t just say marketing strategy!) Project Management Editing Writing Techniques Leadership Relationship Management As you can see, editing writing are only one part of being a successful managing editor. In fact, managing freelance writers starts way before we even hire the writers. Recommended Listening: How to Implement a Guest Blogging Process With Jess Ostroff from Don't Panic Management [PODCAST] Connect Marketing Strategy to  Business Strategy I could spend all day talking about why every piece of marketing needs to be rooted in your overall business strategy, but the short version is this: If you can’t attach your content marketing activities to the bottom line, you’re not going to have any content marketing activities. That means no writers, no editors, no graphic designers, no programmers, and certainly no social media managers to share your content. I’m not trying to scare you, but it’s important to see the forest for the trees here, especially if you want to take your editorial duties to the next level. So, how can you put bottom-line growth in the forefront of your content marketing activities? Start here: Understand Your Audience When working with and speaking to marketers, I often pose a question that looks something like this: â€Å"Are you a fiction writer? Or are you a marketer?† Fiction writers write for themselves. They’re novelists, and they get to pick the subjects and the characters that make them happy. Not the case for marketers! We have to write for our audiences, not ourselves. So, the first thing to be crystal clear about is who is your audience?  What do they need to know? What problems are they looking to solve? How are they getting their information? What format of content do they prefer to consume? Marketers have to write for our audiences, not ourselves.Now, you may need to do some serious digging to develop a clear picture of who your audience is. And I always recommend creating an avatar or persona so that you can put a face and name to the audience, even if it’s fictional. Creating several personas is fine, too. I know many companies target different audiences along the way. But the important thing is to KNOW. And I can’t tell you how many clients and colleagues I come across who really don’t have any idea who their audience is and what they care about. This is a huge problem. Having a deep understanding of your audience allows you to craft your message and hone your story to reach your goals. After all, it’s the audience that ultimately determines your destiny. A little scary when you think about it, right? But more importantly, why does this matter? Why am I talking about audience in a post about managing writers? Tip: If you need help creating personas, try using Xtensio's Free Persona Creator Tool. Because when you deeply understand your audience’s needs, you can clearly communicate that with your writers, who can then create content specifically for your audience, who then, through their behavior, help you reach your goals. It’s a win for everyone, and it’s where every managing editor must begin. Set Measurable Goals Goals come from the top down. They’re determined by the manager, the c-level executive, or even the owner of the business. That’s because they’re related to bottom-line revenue for the entire business, not just the marketing department. Depending on the structure of your company, you may or may not be a part of the decision-making process when it comes to goals. Regardless, it’s important that you or someone on your team provides some historical metrics so that you can develop future goals for your content marketing efforts. Your goals may look similar to these: Increase website pageviews by 50% Increase email newsletter subscriptions by 100% Increase social media referrals by 30% Increase organic traffic by 25% Increase publishing schedule by 20% Pick the goals that you can track over time and don’t be afraid to refine them as you go. Even if you’re not in charge, it’s your job to inform the decision makers with actual data and results. Inform your decision makers with actual data and results.Develop Clear Guidelines Style Guides The great thing about guidelines is that you can always change them. Okay, that sounds a little nuts to say right away. But it’s my favorite part. Because your tools, your resources, and your goals are always changing, it seems reasonable to accept that you can change your guidelines. But I’ve seen a lot of editors become terrified of creating guidelines and style guides because they think they’re writing them in stone. Not the case! I want to mention this up-front so my type A perfectionists don’t get scared away. Guidelines are important. But they’re not permanent. Make them. Use them. Adjust them. Use the feedback loop to always be making improvements. At the very minimum, make sure your guidelines include: Audience information Goals of your publication Expertise you’re looking for Tone Topic ideas Recommended word count Instructions on how to submit posts Any rules or restrictions If you want to have a little more fun with your guidelines page: Make a video to supplement the written ideas Provide incentives for submitting posts Hide an Easter egg Use humor (if it fits with your tone and style) Make the process fun Embed a form (instead of simply providing an email address) Be a human Here are some awesome guidelines pages that I’ve seen recently, from which you can borrow ideas: Hubspot’s Marketing: Note how they share what they will and will not  consider. Also note how clear they are about their process. Four Hour Work Week: Note how Tim keeps a conversational but direct tone, explaining exactly what to consider when submitting, what format he wants posts in, and some helpful tips to keep in mind. Convince Convert: Note how Jay developed a custom video to explain the audience and type of content, plus the submission form is embedded directly on the page. Okay, now you understand the basic business principles that your editorial strategy should adhere to. It’s time to get to the nitty-gritty. Recommended Reading: How to Write a Pitch Email That Will Get Your Guest Post Accepted Pay Attention to Project Management Topics and deadlines and word counts, oh my! Don’t let a long list of to-do’s get in the way of publishing amazing content. Set up a project management system that you can follow throughout your publishing schedule, from communications and deadlines to publish dates and URLs. Recommended Reading: The Complete 16-Step Marketing Project Management Process That Will Get You Organized Use (and Stick To) a Master Editorial Calendar Some of my favorite publications create certain days of the week for certain types of content, but you don’t have to have to create featured content every day to find value in an editorial calendar. There are tons of tools you can use for this (  being my personal favorite, I’m serious!) but you can also start with a simple spreadsheet. Tip: If you're interested in trying , you can sign up for a free 14-day trial. At Don’t Panic, we have a master editorial spreadsheet in Google Drive for all of our clients. On the first tab, it includes a link to the writing guidelines we’ve developed for our writers so that no one has an excuse for not having them. It also includes a key that shows what each color means and where everything is in the process (more on process in the next section). We have a tab for each client and a column in each tab for the writer assigned, the title of the post, any notes about the post from the writer or the client, and various deadlines. There is also a column for status, which is where the color-coding comes into play. When a post is delivered or published, the rows get hidden so that the spreadsheet isn’t cluttered with old work. You can adopt a variation of this spreadsheet for your own writer-tracking purposes. Create a Workflow That Works Even if you’re the only person who manages your editorial process, you need a workflow to stay productive (especially on those days when no amount of coffee can keep you motivated). The best way to do this is to set up an easy, foolproof, step-by-step system that doesn’t require you to think about it every time. Work backwards from publish dates to determine what your process and deadlines will look like. I love to have all posts for the following week edited and scheduled by the Friday before if possible so I don’t have to be panicking about them every day. It’s not always possible, especially if we have timely or sponsored posts to run, but you can corral your writers to meet the deadlines you set out if you plan out your own workflow first. Some  tips for that: Have all posts come in the same way, in the same format, to the same place.  That may mean that you have a form that accepts attachments, a Google Drive folder where everyone uploads their finished pieces, or you use a tool that allows writers to drop their drafts right into your CMS. Make sure deadlines are clear and are followed. Don’t keep writers around who can’t meet deadlines. There are many reasons for this, but for me, the main reason is because late drafts mean that I have to adjust my workflow. I like to set designated times for review and editing, and I can’t do that if I’m missing content. This goes for initial drafts and any re-written pieces. You must set deadlines for everything! Set aside specific time for editing.  Editing in batches is often much more productive than editing in piecemeal. Use a color-coding system.  Perhaps blue means received, yellow means in review, red means awaiting re-write, green means approved, and grey means scheduled. This is especially helpful if you’re working with a team, but even if you’re on your own, it takes the guesswork out of where in the process you are for each piece so you can stay on track. Overcommunicate. Writers need a certain level of herding because they’re often working on a lot of different content at once. Make sure that you’re being abundantly clear about where you’re at in the process and what you need from them. This keeps everyone happy and on track. Are you a blog editor? Here's how to corral your writers. If you have other elements in your process that need to be done, such as graphics and social media messaging, include them in your writer management process even if it means bringing in other designers or social media managers. Having fragmented processes for different teams is ineffective. Create a cohesive process for all of your editorial tasks, even if they involve people outside of your freelance writing team. Overall, the workflow creation is really about knowing yourself. And as the manager, you have a certain level of authority over what the process is. So please think deeply about what will work best for you, roll out the process to your writers, and stick to it if you can. Trouble comes when you’re always reinventing your process and forcing writers to do the same. Set Up a Separate Mailbox If your submission process looks anything like mine, the emails and attachments and questions I get in my email are enough to drive a person mad. And I get it. Writers work hard on their posts, so if you don’t get back to them with approvals right away, they get antsy. But setting up a separate account (such as submissions@ or guestposts@ or editor@) to deal with your articles can help set the expectation among writers (and make you feel a little more sane in the process). You have my permission to set up the process that works for you, and that includes looking at, reviewing, and scheduling content when you have the time and are in the mental space to deal with it. And to make this even easier, consider setting up a separate email box just for your editorial management duties. That will allow you to compartmentalize and batch the work you do with your writers so you don’t get bogged down and pulled away from your other duties. Because I know that if you’re anything like me, you wear many hats and need to focus on different tasks at different times! Recommended Reading: The 101 Marketing Time Management Strategies You Need to Succeed Nail Your Editing Writing Techniques Being a decent writer is really the first thing you need to become an editor, but as you can see it’s not the ONLY thing. And while writing rules change over the course of time, there are several important ones that you should always look out for: Passive voice Apostrophe misuse Unclear/incorrect pronoun usage Fragments Extra/missing commas There are also always those pesky effect/affect issues, problems with semicolons, and the en-/em-dash debate. If you’re not clear on what you should be editing or simply want to brush up on your editorial chops, I recommend browsing Grammar Girl’s posts  or listening to her podcast. also has some editing tips  from the writing perspective that will help guide great content. It behooves you to review your expectations with writers from an editing perspective. It behooves you to review your expectations with writers from an editing perspective.Cut, Cut, and Cut Some More Many editors follow the 10-15% rule, which means that 10-15% of every article is superfluous and can be cut. Consider what pieces of your articles either don’t add value or are superfluous and get rid of them. Writing more for the sake of a word-count requirement is not effective, and generally lowers the quality of the piece. If you’re having trouble getting writers to produce enough about a certain topic, then they either don’t know the material or the topic is too narrow to be covered as an article. If the latter is the issue, try other types of media (like video) to explore that topic instead. #Editing Tip: Cut 10-15% from every article.Understand Leadership Relationship Management Fortunately (or unfortunately for some!), being a managing editor means you have to work on, well, managing people! That means that you have to refine your leadership and relationship skills, whether you like it or not. Managing relationships is a craft that must be fine-tuned over time, but I wanted to share some ideas that you can start implementing immediately to become a better manager. Managing relationships is a craft that must be fine-tuned over timeBe Honest About Approvals and Edits Everyone takes a different approach to being an editor. Some focus mostly on grammar, spelling, and general formatting edits. But some of the best editors are the ones who are really great at making sweeping edits within each piece of content to make it sound intelligent and cohesive. Let your writers know what sort of approach you like to take and how that will affect their final written product. This way, they can be prepared for the changes†¦ and their ego doesn’t run the risk of being bruised! Recommended Reading: How to Save 10 Hours a Month Like Convince Convert With Marketing Project Management Software Provide Ongoing Feedback No one likes to receive criticism, but you can lessen the blow of negative feedback by simply providing some  sort of feedback, both the good and the bad, every time. That way, your writer doesn’t fear hearing from you (which happens if you’re only getting in touch with bad news) and you’re able to put them in the position of receiving and implementing feedback on an ongoing basis. Now I know this puts more of a burden on your as the editor because it means you have to take the time to craft some feedback for each deliverable, but you don’t have to write an expose every time. Even a simple, â€Å"Great article, I loved those creative examples you used!† or, â€Å"Don’t forget to put compelling subheads to break up your text!† or something as basic as, â€Å"You ROCK!† keeps your writers engaged and gets them used to hearing from you as you build the relationship. Good editors give writers positive encouragement.Receive Ongoing Feedback The chances that your current editorial system is perfect are slim†¦ because nothing is perfect! Create a calendar for yourself where you’ll check in with your writers and ask them how it’s going. I recommend asking two simple questions: If you could change anything about our work together, what would it be? What new features, tools, or systems would you implement (if any) and why? These questions allow you to get to the point quickly and open up the dialogue faster than something like, â€Å"How is it going for you?† It also puts context around the ask and encourages writers to think critically about how they’re really feeling so they can be honest. Now, I caution to be careful not to lose sight of the fact that when you ask for feedback, you’ve got to be prepared to hear things you maybe didn’t want to hear or weren’t expecting. You’re in charge, so take each piece of feedback with a grain of salt, but I don’t recommend asking for feedback unless you’re prepared to listen and potentially make changes as a result. Don't ask for feedback unless you're prepared to listen.Provide Incentives for Great Work The worst thing in the world for a manager is losing a great team member. In order to encourage retention among the writers you love, consider finding creative ways to reward them for a job well done. Consider putting a rewards system in place where you celebrate the success of your team when original business goals are met. For example, if you had one breakout article that contributed to a massive increase in pageviews, give that writer something as a thank you. It doesn’t have to be in the form of monetary payment (although everyone loves a little salary bump once in awhile!), but it can be small things like: A â€Å"writer of the month† award A shoutout on social media A Starbucks (or other) gift card A homepage placement If the incentive requires a small monetary compensation, make sure to include that in your editorial budget so you can maintain the rewards program. Nurture the Relationship The hardest thing about being a freelancer is the lack of consistent work. At the same time, good writers have their pick of the crop when it comes to opportunities as the market for great content grows. In addition to providing some sort of small incentive program for your writers, don’t forget about the human element of working with them. Ask them about their day. Say happy birthday. See how their kid is doing after she was out with a cold. A little personal touch goes a long way, especially in what can be a lonely virtual existence as a writer. Recommended Reading: How to Write Great Content: 20 Tips from Famous Writers Pay Your Writers (and Pay Them Well!) Good writing is truly an art form. And the lack of education on clear communications and writing only makes that art form more valuable. The easiest way to encourage your writers to do good work for you is to compensate them fairly for their services. Now, I understand that many publications provide incredible exposure and that outweighs the prospect of a cash payment. However, the largest and smallest publications alike may consider securing a budget for their writers. This helps develop loyalty among writers and keeps them coming back for more, which is really what you want in this day and age where â€Å"writers† are a dime a dozen, but finding great writers is like finding a needle in a haystack. Finding great writers is like finding a needle in a haystack.So, there you have it! You see, managing freelance writers isn’t just about knowing how to edit and set deadlines. It’s about truly understanding business objectives, having a detailed process, and perhaps above all else, developing great, lasting relationship with the people you work with. What has made you successful (or unsuccessful) in managing your writers (and yourself!) throughout the editorial process? I’d love to hear what’s working for you or answer any questions you have.

Banking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Banking - Essay Example Although a preferred means of solving the inherent challenges in the current banking industry, the reality is that it has its own disadvantages, as discussed in this essay. According to economists, there are a number of benefits of banks consolidation. One of these advantages is increased efficiency in the banking sector. Consolidation eliminates geographical restrictions in the banking industry, exposing it to high levels of competition, driving out all inefficient banks from the industry. This is not the only way of ensuring efficiency in the banking sector; moving to larger banking organizations too increases their levels of efficiency due to economies of scale and scope of work. Since consolidation increased the diversification of the loan portfolios by banks, thus lowering the probability of a future banking crisis. Mergers and acquisitions in the banking industry are economical, providing banks with an opportunity to minimize their expenditures. In the event of a merger, there is closure of overlapping branches, laying off any unnecessary staff, and sale of unwanted capital goods, thus minimizing some of the operational expenditures while at the same time creating some of income for the bank. Merging also increases sales volumes of banks’ products, especially when done from a central branch. One of the major advantages of consolidation in the banking sector is market diversification, creating new geographical markets. With these new markets is an increase in business revenues. Bank mergers additionally create stronger market power, changing the pricing offered by the banks. Although argued as a means of beating the inherent operation problems in the industry, consolidation faces a myriad of drawbacks. Critics of this form of banking fear on the elimination of the smaller banks from the banking industry due to acquisitions. Not only do the investors lose in such instances; small businesses too lose their source of funding. Large business organizatio ns seek funding from large banks while small businesses seek for funding from the small banks. If large banks acquire the small banks in an effort to minimize competition, small businesses lose their source of funding. If this trend persists, the banking industry risks suffering from domination by a few banks. This makes the banking industry less competitive, reducing the quality of services provided to the customers. Some of the economists however argue that this does not have any significant effects on the industry, since there is freedom of entry into the market, and thus balances the equation of competition. Differences in the working cultures of the merging banks could lead to failure of these mergers. In their initial stages of merge, different businesses suffer from increased operational costs, for instance resultant from communication differences. Although experts argue on the efficiency of creating bank mergers, the reality is that when a merger takes place, managers face m ore vast and complicated organizations, exceeding their usual capacity. They may lack the essential expertise required in the field, reducing such bank’s efficiency. Some of the experts argue that the creation of stronger markets provides the banks with an opportunity to exploit their customers. Strong markets mean that there are reduced

E-Logistics and International supply Chain Management Essay - 1

E-Logistics and International supply Chain Management - Essay Example Furthermore, industries are driving towards landscape that is defined as flat one by Thomas Friedman. Thomas Friedman declared that era of multinational corporations or the era of globalization 1.0 especially in high tech industries is on the verge of passing away. Similarly, there is a major shift in the aero-strategy and the systems with which the aircrafts are conceived, planned, produced, and supported have changed considerably. The new era defined as globalization 2.0 is the era of horizontal specialization with tight integrations of specialized original equipment manufacturer (OEM) (AIAC, 2009). With this the new era of globalization in the aerospace industry, 320-hectare Seletar Aerospace Park of Singapore has managed to attract the considerable investment from the aerospace manufacturers across the world as reported in the Financial times recently published article (Grant, 2014). Among leading investors include leading aerospace industry giant Rolls Royce and the supply chain perspective for Rolls Royce in Singapore’s aerospace hub forms the central idea of this paper. This paper is based on the assessment of factors that drove Rolls Royce towards Singapore and its potential challenges in place; while concluding with, action to overcome challenges. The aerospace industry, including the defense and commercial industry, accounted for $695 billion in the year 2012 with four percent increases from 2011. The annual operating profits $59.8 billion and 8.6% annual profit margin (PwC, 2013a). According to another project in reference from past trend, the future is projected as follows: According to Capgemini (2011) the demand drivers of the industry is the reviving economies while, at the same time, growth in demand from the middle-east, China and India have been offsetting the slowed demand from developed part of the world. The major factor driving demand includes the rising low cost carrier pattern trends specifically in the developing countries.

Canadian v.s. American Healthcare System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Canadian v.s. American Healthcare System - Essay Example In Canada, the single layer healthcare system seems to deliver outcomes, which are more positive, explaining why members of the public have exhibited preferences for it. There is a salient need for both countries to provide their citizens with reliable access to quality health care as well as preventive health care services. However, the multi-layer healthcare system in the United States has presented certain disadvantages that serve as barriers to the delivery of quality health care and access to health care services when needed. On the other hand, the single layer system in Canada has received an appraisal for its fairness and efficiency, ensuring that all the citizens can have access to health care services. This paper will compare the Canadian healthcare system with the American health care system. The paper will place emphasis on the fact that the Canadian single layer system is more effective and has a more desirable outcome than the American health care system. There has been an increasing controversy over the increasing number of uninsured people in the United States. The American government seeks to develop strategies for reducing the number of uninsured people and ensuring that every American has access to quality health care. However, the reforms made in the healthcare sector do not match the efficiency presented by the Canadian single-tier health care system. The United States operates on a multi-layer healthcare system. The multi-layer healthcare system depends entirely on employment. Only some layers of the healthcare system are government sponsored. The greatest providers of health care insurance in the United States are private companies. Many critics have described the American health care insurance system as privately owned. On the other hand, the Canadian health care system is publicly owned. A close analysis of the Canadian system reveals that it is a universal insurance coverage offered by provincial health insurance plans. B oth the federal

Mechanisms that Lead to Dynamic Self-organization

Mechanisms that Lead to Dynamic Self-organization SELF-ORGANIZATION AND GROWTH OF NANOSTRUCTURED BRANCHED CRYSTAL PATTERN IN BELOUSOV-ZHABOTINSKY TYPE CHEMICAL REACTIONS ROHIT SRIVASTAVA, M.Phil. 1. Introduction The self-assembly of structural motifs and the self-organization of dynamic motifs into highly ordered one-, two-, or three-dimensional patterns with controlled structures have received much attention in recent years, because of their importance in basic research and their potential applications [1,2]. The spontaneous formation of nano-scale patterns represents a significant way to control the structure and morphology of various functional materials [3,4]. This area is of significant interest because of its possible relevance in improving the materials properties. It can be achieved readily by organizing the nanostructure building blocks by reacting chemical systems over a broad spectrum of space and time [5]. The recent application of nonlinear chemical phenomena has been found in the designing of modern materials of advanced functionality [6-8]. The reacting chemical systems have also been found useful to fabricate and design of diverse optoelectronic nano-devices and nano-catalyst s. The role of self-organization has been exemplified to control the orders and hierarchy of such intricate patterns [9-12]. Self-organization, based on interplay between reactions and diffusion, has been found to occur in a range of physical and chemical systems. The recent development of non-equilibrium crystallization phenomena enables one to forms spontaneous, coherent, and periodic patterns which are accompanied by molecular interactions. Among the different nanostructures, the dendritic, diffusion-limited-aggregation (DLA) and spherulitic crystal patterns are attracting the attention of scientific community due to their importance in connection to some fractal growth phenomena and crystallography research [13-15]. The growth of dendritic crystals is also an example which mimics several pattern-forming phenomena encountered in nature and biology. The aim of our research is to understand the mechanisms that lead to dynamic self-organization in nature in order to anticipate the development of some interesting bio-inspired materials and devices that function far from equilibrium. The present research is also helpful to understand, design and control chemical systems that exhibit complex, non-linear, dynamical behavior in time and space. These behaviors include periodic oscillations, chaos, wave propagation and pattern formation. Such system may provide some insights into related phenomena encountered in biology, physics, mathematics, polymer and material science. The Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction provides a classical platform for investigation of these phenomena. The work described here is an experimental study of growth of nanostructured branched crystal patterns by utilizing three different types of BZ systems. In liquid phase, we observed the reaction system to result into well distinguishable intermediate spatial patter ns leading to the formation of DLA and spherulitic structures as the final product. The oscillatory behavior, exhibited by UV-Visible spectroscopy, was found to be interrelated to the DLA and spherulitic structures formed in the BZ system. On the basis of these results, a general mechanism for the synchronized formation of the ordered DLA and spherulitic structures is proposed. In another chemical system chaotic oscillations have been observed experimentally in dual–frequency oscillator o-Hydroxyacetophenone–cerium–bromate–sulphuric acid (OAP–Ce4+– BrO3−–H2SO4) in CSTR. 2. Scope of the study . Recently there has been increasing interest in fractal and self-organized nanostructured branched crystal growth phenomenon under non-equilibriums conditions. Laplacian growth phenomenon in pattern formation has attracted considerable attention.. DLA and spherulitic crystal patterns have also been observed in various crystallization phenomena usually at far from equilibrium conditions, such as electrodeposition, bacterial colonies, colloidal aggregates, dendrite formation, viscous fingering, and many others. Our research interests are to elucidate the mechanistic aspects of aggregation in macromolecules related to the biological pattern formation. The growth of nanostructured dendritic crystals is also a profound example among a wide range of pattern-forming phenomena in nature and biology. The study of chemical and biological pattern and their shapes have considerable current interest due to its close resemblance with morphology of growing bodies. Irreversible aggregation of small particles to form large clusters is technologically and scientifically important. Far from, equilibrium growth phenomena have been reported in electrochemical deposition, physicochemical and biological systems. The study of chemical waves, rhythmic crystallization in gel media and crystal growth, will be helpful in understanding morphological stability of growing bodies. 3. Objectives The present study includes the objectives systematically, from following angles To investigate new types of multiple patterns in mixed organic substrate of Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction. To investigate stationary-like spatial patterns in dual organic substrate of a micro-emulsion system. To study the transition from stripe to hexagonal spatial pattern by varying the temperature and concentration of the BZ reactants. To study the growth of nanostructured DLA and spherulitic crystal pattern in BZ type oscillatory chemical reaction. To study the chemistry of undertaken BZ reactions and proposed the reaction mechanism. To study the entertainment phenomena between co-existing oscillators and continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR). To study the dynamics of the spatiotemporal pattern formation by varying the chemical and physical parameters. To elucidate the role of reaction-diffusion mechanism and self-organization process for the growth and morphological study of predictable crystal patterns with help of various analytical methods. 4. Organization of thesis The organization of thesis has been classified into following chapters. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the thesis. This chapter outlines, in brief, self-organization in nonlinear chemical dynamics and its relation with the material science. The work conducted and presented as part of this thesis rely upon previous research conducted across a broad range of scientific disciplines; which include an understanding of the concept of nonlinear chemical dynamics; the nonlinear reaction kinetics of the BZ reaction; and materials science. In this context, the workflow of the thesis is outlined in this chapter. One of the initial objectives of the research was to become familiar with the chemistry of the BZ system, with a particular interest in identifying the reaction parameters that control and affect the types of patterns that are formed. Pattern formation and chemical chaos in the BZ system was studied individually in different systems. Chapter 2 provides the literature survey from the historical background of the BZ reaction to recent development in pattern formation in oscillatory reaction media. This chapter includes the following subheadings. Historical background of the BZ reaction Oscillatory chemical reaction and chemical chaos Patterns and wave Substitutes of the BZ reaction Recent development in pattern formations in oscillatory reaction media Chapter 3 describes the detailed experimental procedure adopted for the growth of self-organized nanostructured spherulitic patterns and their morphological investigation in combination of dual substrates (adipic acid and acetyl acetone) and dual catalysts (cerium and ferroin) by utilizing a number of characterization techniques e.g. optical microscopy (OPM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffractometer and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The oscillatory behavior was also investigated by using UV-Visible spectroscopy. On the basis of these results clues are sought for explaining the observed growth of nanostructured spherulitic patterns inlight of self-organization phenomenon. Chapter 4 deals with the detailed experimental procedure for the growth of self-organized nanostructured diffusion-limited-aggregation (DLA) crystal patterns. The DLA crystal patterns were characterized OPM, SEM, TEM, XRD, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The oscillatory behavior, exhibited by UV-Visible spectroscopy, was found to be interrelated to the DLA structures formed in the reaction system. This chapter elucidates the roles of the various possible factors behind such phase-transformation along with the plausible explanation of the corresponding reaction pathways. Chapter 5 furnishes the detailed experimental procedure and analysis for the growth of nanostructured DLA patterns in microemulsion consisting of water, styrene, cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTACl), potassium persulfate (PS) and oscillating Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reactant. The chapter describes the analysis of formation of a variety of spatiotemporal patterns viz. concentric wave, spatial (stripe) and chaotic pattern in the used BZ reaction system and has employed TEM, XRD and particle size analyzer to study the morphology, crystallinity and particle size of the associated structure formed. Chapter 6 of the thesis represents the detailed experimental procedure and associated studies for the investigation of chaotic oscillations observed experimentally in dual–frequency oscillator. Chapter 7 is the conclusion, which summarizes the research findings and also provides a future perspective of the work undertaken. References M. Antonietti, Nat. Mater., 2 (2003) 9. H. Cà ¶lfen, S. Mann, Angew. Chem., 115 (2003) 2452. J. P. Gollub and J. S. Langer, Rev. Mod. Phys. 71 (1999) 5396. H-J Freund, Surf. Science. 500 (2002) 271. T. A. Witten, L. M. Sander, Phys. Rev. Lett. 47 (1981) 1400. I. Das, N. Goel, N. R. Agrawal, S. K. Gupta, J. Phys. Chem. B, 114 (2010) 12888. I. Das, R. Choudhary, S. K. Gupta, P. Agrawal, The Phys. Chem. B, 115 (2011) 8724. I. Das, N. R. Agrawal, R. Choudhary, S. K. Gupta, Fractals, 19 (2011) 317. Gao-Ren Li, Xi-Hong Lu, Dun-Lin Qu, Chen-Zhong Yao, Fu-lin Zheng, Qiong Bu, Ci- Ren Dawa and Ye-Xiang Tong, J. Phys. Chem. C, 111 (2007) 6678. K. Fukami, S. Nakanishi, H. Yamasaki, T. Tada, K. Sonoda, N. Kamikawa, N. Tsuji, H. Sakaguchi, Y. Nakato, J. Phys. Chem. C, 111 (2007) 1150. A. Volford, F. Izsak, M. Ripszam, I. Lagzi, Langmuir, 23 (2007) 961. T. Wamg, An-Wu Xu, H. Colfen, Angew. Chemie, 45, (2006) 4451. N. Yadav, P.K. Srivastava, New. J. Chem., 35 (2011) 1080. N. Yadav, P.K. Srivastava, Cryst. Res. Tech., 46 (2011) 277. N. Yadav, S. S. Majhi, P. K. Srivastava, Bullen. Korean. Chem. Soc., 33 (2012) 3397. List of publications Rohit Srivastava* and P.K. Srivastava, Self-organized nanostructured spherulitic crystal pattern formation in Belousov-Zhabotinsky type reaction system, Chemical Physics, 426 (2013) 59-73. Rohit Srivastava*, P.K. Srivastava and Jayeeta Chattopadhayay, Choas in a chemical system, European Physical Journal Special Topic, 222 (2013) 777-783. Rohit Srivastava*,Jayeeta Chattopadhyay, P.K. Srivastava, Narendra Yadav, Growth of nanostructured Diffusion-Limited-Aggregation (DLA)-Grass like branched patterns in a Belousov-Zhabotinskii (BZ ) type reaction system, International Journal of Chemistry, 34 (2013) 1119. Rohit Srivastava and P.K. Srivastava, Multiple pattern in mixed substrate BZ system, Chemistry Journal, 2 (2013) 44. Rohit Srivastava*, and P.K. Srivastava Self-organized nanostructured Diffusion-Limited-Aggregation (DLA) crystal pattern formation and morphological transition in BZ type reaction system, New Journal of Chemistry (Under review), 2014. Rohit Srivastava* and P.K. Srivastava, Nanostructured Diffusion-Limited-Aggregation (DLA) crystal pattern formation governed by spatial pattern in reactive microemulsion system, J. Nanostru. Chem. (Springer Publishing) (In press), 2014. Conference Publications: Rohit Srivastava and P.K. Srivastava †Chaos in a chemical system† Proceed. 7th National conference on Nonlinear Systems and Dynamics (NCNSD), Organized by Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, (12-15 July, 2012). Rohit Srivastava and P.K. Srivastava † Self-organized nanostructured Diffusion-Limited-Aggregation (DLA) crystal pattern formation in Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) type reaction system† Proceed. 8th National conference on Nonlinear Systems and Dynamics (NCNSD), Organized by Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT Indore) Indore (12-15 December, 2013).

Psychological Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa :: essays research papers

An estimated 5 million Americans suffer from eating disorders and most are teenage girls and young women. Among the three types of eating disorders, anorexia nervosa is the most common type. It is a disorder in which the person has a distorted body image and an intense fear of being fat. Binging, or eating large quantities of food in a short period of time, and then purging, or vomiting to empty the stomach of food, are all actions commonly found in anorexics. An anorexic is extremely afraid of becoming fat and might believe she/he is fat even when he/she is very thin. While there is no single known cause of anorexia, several things may contribute to the development of the disorder. For example, social influences, genetic and biological factors, psychological issues, and family environments all contribute to the development of Anorexia. Social influences are a big contribution to anorexia. The American society places high value on thinness among women. Thinness is frequently mistaken or identified as beauty. As a result, young girls often think that they must be slender to be attractive. Kids are deluged with images of fat free bodies in the pages of heath, fashion, and teen magazines. Such media that feature photographs of thin super models and actresses are under attack for encouraging young women to starve themselves. One factor possibly leading to anorexia nervosa is the way a person looks at the world, or the psychological factors. An anorexic might have a fear of growing up, a drive to be perfect, or family problems. Some psychological characteristics are low self-esteem, poor body image, need for control, and the need to feel special or unique. Additional contributions to anorexia are family environments. Some families of people with the disorder are more likely to be overprotective, rigid, and suffocating in their closeness. Also parents who place too much value on appearance, diet themselves, and criticize their children’s bodies are more likely to have a child with anorexia. Other contributions to anorexia nervosa are genetic, biological factors, stressful events, and life transitions. It occurs 8 times more in people who have relatives with the disorder. Women whose mothers or sisters have had the disorder are more likely to develop the condition than those who do not. Life transitions can trigger anorexia nervosa to someone who is already vulnerable. Things like starting a new school or job or being teased to traumatic events like rape can lead to the onset of anorexia.

What Comes with Old Age?

What Comes with Age What comes to mind when you think of life? Do you view life with an ever go lucky viewpoint and are you happy and content? Are you an optimist? Or do you think life is a means to and end with nothing to look forward to but depression and sorrow. In Earnest Hemingway’s story â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† Hemmingway makes the point that when you get older there is nothing but desperation and sorrow to live for. He does this by showcasing the story between a younger and an older waiter working late at night in a well-lit cafe where the only customer in the cafe is a very old deaf man getting drunk by himself.The story illustrates through characterization and verbal irony what it means to deal with the harsh reality that everything we are and everything we do is empty. Hemmingway presents two kinds of characters, those that are unaware of the emptiness of life and those that are familiar with it. He does this by focusing on three main characters thro ughout the short story; an old man, a younger waiter, and an older waiter where each has a subtly different outlook on life. At the beginning of the story we meet the old man who is sitting at a bar drinking a brandy just watching the branches of a tree outside.The old man is lonely and drinks by himself. He drowns his sorrows in alcohol. The old man attempts to commit suicide because he is in despair. He tried to commit suicide by hanging himself with a rope but his niece who takes care of him cuts him down. He is in despair and feels unwanted because he is old. His old age shows physical imperfections on his body such as his hard of hearing. He has no one to go home to, and finds comfort drinking in lit places, then home by himself. He is very lonely because his wife died and he has no one to go home to and talk to about his problems or just to keep him company.The old man is also in a good financial position, but regardless of money, he has no will to keep on living. The old manà ¢â‚¬â„¢s deafness signifies a physical and mental isolation from the rest of the world. The younger waiter only cares about going home to his wife and going to bed so he can go to sleep. He seems to think his time is more valuable than the old mans which is ignorant to think since who’s time is really better than someone else’s? In the story the two waiters mention that the old man is in despair. When asked what the old man was in despair about the young waiter replies â€Å"Nothing,† because â€Å"He has plenty of money. This is a typical ignorant sentiment shared by youth who believe that money somehow provides happiness thus a meaningful life. The younger waiter does not show any sympathy to the old man or try to understand his feelings. The younger waiter is very insensitive and only thinks about himself. His attitude towards older people is very harsh and he never stops to think that one day he to might be old and lonely. The older waiter works at the cafe along with the younger waiter but seems to be more aware of the old deaf man’s feelings.He doesn’t have anyone to go home to at the end of the night and he doesn’t mind working at all hours of the night. The older waiter identifies with the old man because he himself has nowhere to go after work. The older waiter himself cannot find a clean well-lighted place of his own to pass the night. The older waiter is offended by how the young waiter treats the man when he decides to refuse serving the man another drink. This is demonstrated when the older waiter says â€Å"Why didn’t you let him stay and drink? The older waiter has a realistic understanding of the significance of â€Å"nada,† in this world and it actually keeps him up at night. He comes to the realization that life is emptiness, that a man’s life means nothing and that his existence signifies nothing to himself, nothing to others and nothing to the universe. One of the most importa nt topics of this story has to do with loneliness. The older waiter and the old man are very lonely. They both would like to stay at the cafe to escape from reality. Whereas the younger waiter is in a rush to get home because his life and reality isn’t filled with loneliness.He has a wife to go home to and he has youth, confidence and a job. The older waiter is very much like the old man except he has a job. The old man feels like he has nothing to live for other than getting drunk, however, life is not found in a bottle of alcohol. Life is found in experiences and relationship and alcohol hinders these experiences and relationships. This story also talks about other topics including death, futility, and meaninglessness. Hemingway shows these topics throughout most of the words and actions of the older waiter.Life is inherently meaningless and leads inevitably to death, and the older one gets, the clearer these truths become and the less able one is to impose any kind of orde r on one’s existence or maintain any kind of positivity in one’s outlook. In Ernest Hemmingway’s â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted† Place one learns that life seems to get worse with age. Young people seem to be happy and content and think that they themselves will never grow old. The older one gets the closer the realization is that life is not worth living since it is filled with emptiness and despair.

Content Delivery Network (CDN) Market Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends And Forecast, 2013 2019 Essays

Content Delivery Network (CDN) Market Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends And Forecast, 2013 2019 Essays Content Delivery Network (CDN) Market Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends And Forecast, 2013 2019 Essay Content Delivery Network (CDN) Market Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends And Forecast, 2013 2019 Essay Content Delivery Network (CDN) Market Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends And Forecast, 2013 2019 Content delivery network includes network of distributed servers that provides web pages and web content to users based on their geographic locations. The content delivery network provides speedy delivery of websites which bear high traffic. At its core, the content delivery network performs two crucial functions. First, CDN caches the content at the edge of the network in order to reduce the traffic traversing the network. Second, provides multiprotocol and multiservice streaming capabilities thereby allowing operator to adapt content from any IP device close to user consuming it. In general, typical functionality of CDN includes request redirection and content delivery services, content outsourcing and distribution services, content negotiation service and management service.Visit Complete Report Here: marketresearchreports.biz/analysis-details/content-delivery-netw ork-cdn-global-scenario-trends-industry-analysis-size-share-and-forecast-2011-2018 The two major things that have marked the evolution of internet are mobile technology and social media. For example, since its inception in 2004, Facebook today contain much more than 1,000 million subscribers. With very low investment, any business can reach large market irrespective of its location. According to Internet World Statics, the number of internet users for June 2012 were estimated to be 0.24 billion. Additionally, growing IP video traffic is expected to boost the CDN market. Today, video consumption over mobile devices and internet is growing at unparalleled rate. As network operators become aware of advantages of CDN, numerous cable operators and telcos in Europe and North America have launched CDN initiatives. Additionally, as network operators increasingly partner with content owners in order to deliver high quality contents and services, the CDN market is

ceaser essays

ceaser essays I came, I saw, I conquered (Andrews). This was spoken by one of the greatest leaders to ever rule Rome. Julius Caesar was born on July 13, 102 B.C. to one of the original patrician families of Rome. He was educated by a tutor, Marcus Antonius Gnipho, whom provided Julius with an excellent education. Julius married Cornelia, the daughter of the Consul Lucius Cornelius Cinna. Later in life he was titled the dictator for life and ruled the Roman Empire. In 60 B.C. Caesar allied himself with general Pompey and politician Crassus. A Year later, with their help he was elected consul. For the next decade these 3 men worked together ruling Rome as triumvirate. In 59 B.C. Caesar took a military command in a Gaul, which was in inhabited by Indo-Europeans known as Celts. He conquered the Celts, and brought them under Roman rule. As a result of his victories Caesar was hailed as a military hero by Romes lower classes. Not everyone was so happy about Caesars growing popularity. The senators were quite alarmed and now viewed him as a political threat. By 50 B.C. the triumvirate had crumbled and Crassus was dead. He was killed in battle while leading Roman forces to Asia. Pompey became Caesars political rival. In 49 B.C. with Pompeys backing, the Senate ordered Caesar to relinquish his army, and return to Rome. Caesar disregarded this order, with no intention of surrendering to his enemies. He organized five thousand loyal troops and lead them across the Rubican, the stream which separated his military provinces from Roman Italy. According to legend Caesar has seen a vision that encouraged him to cross, and exclaimed to his troops, Let us accept this as a sign from the gods, and follow where they beckon, in vengeance on our double-dealing enemies. The die is cast! (Farah 163) By ignoring the order given by the Senate, Caes...

PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT -REFLECTIVE Essay

PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT -REFLECTIVE ANALYTICAL ACADEMIC LEVEL 6 - Essay Example In this regard, I have organized social and business systems effectively to achieve set goals and objectives in particular organizations (Marquis & Huston 2009, 23). This paper describes my personal reflection about the development process that I undertook towards my leadership and management during my work placement time in the medical field, where I worked in the surgical ward, helping patients in various ways. Over the months, I have appreciated the fact that leadership is not necessarily a positional affair. Personal leadership has to be understood and adopted by people in order to enable them manage their lives effectively. Often, people always want to associate with those that understand themselves and take steps to improve their lives in the right way. In order to be a successful leader, I have polished my qualities and skills in people management, besides knowing how to manage their lives. I undertook the work placement exercise at the time I was in third year in my undergraduate nursing course. During this time, I was in charge of a team that ensured that we discharged our duties effectively towards achievement our departmental targets. In most cases, the reflective process is taken to describe the action of reflecting on certain actions in a process that often leads to persistent learning (Wolfensberger, 2010, 715). In this definition, the actions in the reflective practice involve giving focus to practical values as well as various theories that inform daily actions. This is through the process of doing the reflection in a reflexive process, thus leading to development of proper insight (Copley 2011, 17). In making this analysis, the main objective in the learning plan was to demonstrate an effective understanding of delegation in leadership and management. During my placement time, being a team leader meant that have to direct a team and give instructions about how certain tasks were to be

The Economic and Political Migration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Economic and Political Migration - Essay Example The shift to the west was promoted by the federal government's massive wartime defense spending that centered in the western states and most notably California. In addition there were tax breaks for the oil industry as well as the social security program that helped sustain the area's growth. Perry and Watkins contend that once the western cities gained the advantage of defense spending, they were able to capitalize on that advantage by the theory of "cumulative causation" (Walton 409). Perry and Watkins further argue that the sunbelt cities that prospered from this advantage also erected artificial developmental barriers in a shift away from the New Deal liberalism, and this perpetuated the process. (Walton 409). As the rustbelt declined, it was unable to attract new economic activity in the changing face of technology. William Julius Wilson puts forth a more contemporary theory. Wilson states that the cities of the Northeast declined due to "economic transformation" (8). He describes this as a shift in metropolitan development strategy that was driven by the change in industry from production based to capital and technology based (8-9). More modern machines were replacing the methods popularized by Henry Ford. International competition further eroded the cities and diminished the value of physical capital.